The West Nile Virus

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The West Nile virus has until recent years gone relatively unnoticed to most Americans due to the fact that it hasn't been reported in the Western Hemisphere before 1, when there were 6 cases of severe disease including seven deaths in the New York area. In 000, there were 1 cases and two deaths were reported; in 001, there were 66 severe cases and nine deaths. The virus has now been detected in birds, humans and/or horses in U.S. states and Washington DC. As many as 00,000 Americans have been exposed to West Nile virus since 1. The virus is common in the Middle East, parts of Africa and Eastern Europe.

In early October, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention dispatched wildlife health specialists from the USGS National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wis., to New York to determine the magnitude of the current outbreak, the geographic distribution of the virus, and to evaluate the susceptibility of crows which had been found dead throughout the region. Investigators have yet to determine how many birds have died from this disease. Some areas reported very high bird mortality, especially in American crows, but a number of the birds died from other causes. About 4% of the birds tested by USGS and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have tested positive for West Nile virus.

With an incubation period of -6 days, the West Nile fever in humans usually is a febrile, influenzalike illness, characterized by an abrupt onset of moderate to high headache , sore throat, backache, myalgia, arthralgia, fatigue, conjunctivitis, retrobulbar pain, maculopapular or roseolar lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and respiratory symptoms. Occasionally, in about 15% of the diagnosed cases, acute aseptic meningitis or encephalitis, which is associated with neck stiffness, vomiting, confusion, disturbed consciousness, somnolence, tremor of extremities, abnormal reflexes, convulsions, pareses, and coma can occur. The virus can be recovered from the blood for up to 10 days in immunocompetent febrile patients, as late as to 8 days after infection in immunocompromised patients; peak viremia occurs 4 to 8 days after infection.

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Scientists and other investigators have diagnosed West Nile virus in 18 native bird species from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Maryland. This is important because where the birds are infected the public is likely to be. Scientists are monitoring the possible spread of the virus, and are alerting state and federal wildlife agencies to set up a surveillance network along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The reason scientists are finding the virus in birds is because they serve as carriers for the virus. Mosquitoes are the vectors, biting the birds then biting humans transmitting the disease. Until recently this was thought to be the only way the disease was transmitted, although some new studies being conducted at the CDC may prove another method exists.

There was a discovery earlier this month that the virus was apparently spread through an organ transplant, this was followed by the CDC's finding that a 4-year-old Mississippi woman became infected with West Nile after receiving blood transfusions from three infected donors. CDC doctors called that case "highly suspicious," although they said the woman also could have been bitten by an infected mosquito. Due to that case and several others similar to it, federal health officials have now concluded that The West Nile Virus most likely can be spread by through blood transfusions and organ donations.

I thought that doing a paper on the West Nile Virus was important for out purposes and for society because of it's high level of media exposure in the previous months. I think that the media should report on things like this but should also stress how relatively mild the symptoms are in most cases. All we hear about are the deaths and the extreme illness cases, which are only a very small percent of the infected population, and I thought that was important for people to realize.

Sources

West Nile Virus Home. [WebSite].

http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Kaufman, Marc (00). West Nile Appears. [WebSite].

http//www.msnbc.com/news/810440.asp?cp1=1 The Washington Post on MSNBC.

West Nile Virus. [WebSite]. http//www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/wnv/

The United States Department of Agriculture.

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