Philosophy Essay

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1. Define in the best and clearest way you can exactly what the theory of ethical cultural relativism claims. Give an example or two of how a relativist would view moral differences between cultures.

Answer

There is no such thing as universal truth in ethics; there are only the various cultural codes, and nothing more. Also, our own ethical codes are no better then any other cultures. Our own ethical codes are just one among many other cultures around the world. We learn out moral beliefs from the society that we were raised in. Moral truth is relative to culture. The following are claims that the cultural relativists use

a. Different societies have very different view and moral beliefs.

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b. The moral beliefs of a certian society determines what is right or wrong within that society.

c. It is very rude and arrogant for us to jude the actions of other societies. We should have an attitude of tolerance toward them.

. Present as clearly as you can the argument from disagreement that is somtimes given in support of ethical cultural relativism. What, if anything, is wrong with this way argument?

Answer

Societies A and Societies B disagree whether action x is right or wrong. Since societies disagree about what is right or wrong, you conclude that there must be no real right or wrong. They are merely relative to society.

--The problem with this argument is that the conclusion does not follow from the premise, even if the premise was true, the conclusion still might be false. For example, in some cultures people

believe that the earth is flat. In society like ours, people believe the earth is round. So does it make

sense that since both societies disagree about the earths physical characteristic that there

is no objective truth? Of course not; we realize that their society might simply be wrong. Even

if the world is round, there is no reason to think that everyone must know it. also, there is no reason

to think that if there is moral truth everyone must know it. The mistake in this argument is that it tries to derive a substantive conclusion about a matter from the fact that cultures disagree about it.

. Present as clearly as you can the argument from acquisition that is sometimes given in support

of ethical cultural relativism. What, if any, is problematical about this argument?

Answer

All moral beliefs all come from ones social environment through reward, punishment, teaching,urging. All moral beliefs are valid or true relative to the social environment which produced

them, not necessarily valid or true in other social environment. ( + =4 is true in our culture, but it is also true everywhere!)

4. Present as clearly as you can why a person who advocates tolerance and is a champion of diversity must be very confused if they call themselves an ethical cultural relativist.

Answer

If Ethical cultural relativism is false then in principle one could pass judgment on people

in other cultures who to the best of their ability are doing what they think is their duty. But it is

arrogant and ethnocentric to assume one can make such judgment. Therefore if you dont want to be arrogant and ethnocentric, then you should not believe that Ethical cultural relativism is false. Tolerance society is no better then an intolerant society.

5. Even if the arguments given in support of ethical cultural relativism are not very convincing, we still can not say that is must be a false theory. But what kind of arguments can we give to show

that it might, after all really be a false theory? In what concrete ways can we explain massive difference in behavior without having to assume the cause of this difference is a basic difference in value system? Please explain clearly and give examples.

Answer

It would nearly be impossible to live in a society that tried to live from a cultural relative point of lifestyle. Here are some examples why

a. We could no longer be able to state that the customs of other societies are morally weaker or even inferior to our own morals. We can not look down on other societies just because they are different then our own. If society a attacked society b because they hated how society b dressed,

then we are in no condition to say that either society is wrong for their actions.

b. the idea of moral progress is called into doubt. Progress means that it replaces a way of doing something with a more efficient and better manner. But by what standard can we judge the new ways are more better? A long time ago, womens rights were very limited, but now women have so much more rights then before. To say that we have made a progress and that the society is better then before is impossible for the Cultural Relativist.

c. We decide whether actions are right or wrong just by consulting the standards of our society.

All a person needs to do is ask if the action is in accordance with the more code of their society.

These three consequences of Cultural Relativism have lead many people to reject it as implausible. Because Cultural Relativism implies that these judgments make no sense, the argument goes, it cannot be right. (quoted from The Elements of Moral philosophy by James Rachels.)

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