Artificial pacemakers

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Artificial pacemaker are electronic devices that act in place of the heart natural pacemaker (the sinus or sinoatrial node); that is they generate electrical impulses that initiate each heartbeat; controls the rate of the heart's muscular contraction, enabling the heart to pump blood under the wide range of demands encountered in a daily life.

The heart's natural pacemaker is the sinus node (SN), located in the upper right atrium near the point where blood returning from the head and limbs reenters the heart. Specialized cell in this node emit electrical impulses at the rate of about 70 per minute. These impulses spread throughout the atria and travel to the ventricles via atrioventricular node (AV node).Write my Essay on artificial pacemakers for me

Implantable electronic devices have been developed to treat both abnormally slow heart rates (Bradycardia) and excessively rapid heart rates (Tachycardia). Such rhythm disorders arise because of disruptions in the normal production or transmission of electrical impulses within the heart.

When the sinus node fails to generates impulses or transmission is blocked in some part of this electrical system, an abnormally slow rate can result.

If the patient is experiencing symptoms and the heart rate is extremely slow (below 45 or 50), the condition maybe markedly improved by an artificial pacemaker.

The job of the pacemaker is to maintain a minimum safe heart rate by delivering to pumping chambers appropriately timed electrical impulses that replace the heart's normal rhythmic pulses.

Pacemaker consists of a power source about the size of a silver dollar (containing the battery), control circuits, and wires or "leads" that connect the power source to the chamber of the heart. The leads are placed in contact with the right atrium or the right ventricle or both. The allow the pacemaker to sense and stimulate in various combinations, depending on where the pacing is required.

An artificial pacemaker is implanted surgically after a local anesthetic is used to numb the insertion site, the wires that connect the pacemaker are inserted into the chest usually through the subclavian vein which is located bellow the collarbone and above the heart.

The pacemaker leads are then threaded through the catheter to the appropiate chamber or chambers of the heart.

Through a small incision, the impulse generator, which is about the size of a silver dollar, is inserted just under the skin near the collarbone and connected to the wires. The incision is stitched closed. Usually the procedure takes about 0 to 60 minutes.

The battery for a pacemaker usually last 10 to 15 years and should be checked regularly.

Checking the pacemaker system

It is possible to check the pacemaker by telephone. Patients enrolled in a call-in service will receive a special transmitter that relays an electrocardiogram and the pacer rate over the telephone line. Although telephone service is not appropriate for some patients (such as infant and some elderly people), it is very convenient for those who can use it. According to the current Medicare guidelines, pacemakers can be checked by phone every eight weeks for the first 7 months, the every for weeks for the life of the device.

Battery replacement is a quick procedure.

Complication related to implantation occur in only a few cases, and are typically those inherent in catheterization, such as bleeding, a punctured vein infection or a collapsed lung.

A problem sometimes found with dual-chamber pacemakers is an actual pacemaker-induced rapid heartbeat or tachycardia. The Tachycardia results when the pacemaker stimulates the ventricle too early in the cardiac cycle.

The premature electrical impulse can flow backward over the AV node to the atria, triggering an atrial tachycardia in the same fashion as a premature ventricular contraction. Most new pacemakers have specific settings designed to prevent pacemaker-mediated tachycardia.Please note that this sample paper on artificial pacemakers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on artificial pacemakers, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on artificial pacemakers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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